No Goal, No Competition, No Problem: Play as a Primary mode of Creative-AI Approach

Working Text Movements with Resolved Sources & Citations

David Jhave Johnston · glia.ca · GENELIT, Prague, September 2026

0. Abstract

AI is full of controversies. It inspires much hatred. Ecological catastrophe creating AI, AI as cultural theft at scale, zombie headless AI-deepfakes eroding democratic ideals, toxic AI diminishing cognitive skills, AI as treacherous sycophancy, AI as oligarchic corporate hype. The list is an ever-expanding recursive self-reinforcing litany of mistrust, malaise, devastation and despair. Opposing opinions weave anxious threads: human obsolescence is feared to be imminent at the same time as AI seems like over-hyped corporate sales-mongering. Where can genuine play exist in such a contested domain? Can it exist? Is an imminent AI-apocalypse of automated warfare and robotic killing going to eradicate humanity? Will de-novo AI-engineered bio-weapons extinct everything? Will art and authentic human creative joy survive the increasing capacity of AI to emulate human genius? Possibly yes, possibly no. Yet, in the meantime, and as an inverse that is not intended to trivialize the profound problematic aspects of AI, it is possible as an artist to engage with the new capacities of AI with joy wonder acceptance love presence and revelation. Play is so integrated into human neurophysiologies that even genocidal-apartheids, climate-catastrophes, oligarchic-inequity and a potential obliteration of all sapien utility in an AI-pocalypse cannot eradicate it. For the innocent aspect of beingness, AI is like a big box of new toys being replenished and upgraded every few months. Intricate subtle astonishing revelations emerge from tiny perturbations (prompts). AI epitomizes non-linear reward-succulent chaos. This presentation will examine the archetypal potentials of #genAI to offer pathways toward flourishing for all in spite of proliferating lethal and banal pathways.

Key Themes

1st Movement

Play as improvisational and rooted in nature….fri natur “refers to the type of outdoor recreation that seeks to come to nature on its own terms : to touch the Earth lightly”

SOURCE: Arne Næss, Ecology, Community and Lifestyle (pg 178)

Play as metacommunication agree to combat without consequence. Gregory Bateson argues that play is an evolutionary leap into metacommunication and paradox, where participants establish an implicit frame—“this is play”—signaling that their actions (such as a playful nip) represent real behaviors without carrying their real-world consequences or intent.

SOURCE: Gregory Bateson, ‘A Theory of Play and Fantasy’ (1954) in Steps to An Ecology of MInd

Evolutionary Age of Play: Play is an ancient, primal mode of behavior preserved across vertebrates that is approximately 300 million years old.

SOURCE: Jaak Panksepp, Affective Neuroscience: speaks of homologous preserve neurological modules across vertebrates
SOURCE: for date?
Suggested Reference for Date
Gordon Burghardt surveys play across reptiles, fishes, and birds, establishing the phylogenetic emergence of vertebrate play in the common ancestors of amniotes and early tetrapods approximately 300 to 320 million years ago (Late Carboniferous / Early Permian).

Burghardt, Gordon M. 2005. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Verified Link: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3229.001.0001

Origins of Language: While complex syntax emerged over hundreds of thousands of years, the roots of language and gesture pantomime extend back 100,000 years or more.

SOURCE: ???
Suggested Reference
Michael Corballis argues that human language evolved from manual gesture and mimetic bodily pantomime in early hominins (~1.5–2 Ma) and culminated in modern autonomous speech around 100,000 to 50,000 years ago during the Upper Paleolithic symbolic revolution. Merlin Donald complements this with the foundational "mimetic" stage of culture.

Corballis, Michael C. 2002. From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Verified Link: https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691116730/from-hand-to-mouth

Donald, Merlin. 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Verified Link: https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674644847

Cultural Appropriation as Play: Literature and ideas frequently draw from a shared ecosystem of cultural vernacular and permeable boundaries rather than isolated creation.

REFERENCE: Jonathan Lethem’s 1970 Harper’s essay Anxiety of Influence
Citation Note
Harold Bloom published The Anxiety of Influence in 1973; Jonathan Lethem famously riffed on Bloom in his February 2007 Harper’s Magazine essay, "The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism," arguing for open cultural commons and permeable creative borrowing.

Lethem, Jonathan. 2007. “The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism.” Harper’s Magazine 314, no. 1881 (February): 59–71.

Verified Link: https://harpers.org/archive/2007/02/the-ecstasy-of-influence/

Culture and Vernacular : “a radically democratized approach to artificial neural networks, allowing anyone from the internet user community to engage in the generation of literary texts or other works of art” A proposal for a different understanding of artificial intelligence in culture | Versopolis

REFERENCE: Zuzana Husárová and Karel Piorecký*, The Culture of Neural Networks: Synthetic Literature and Art (Not Only) in the Czech and Slovak Context*
Verified Monograph Citation
Husárová, Zuzana, and Karel Piorecký. 2024. The Culture of Neural Networks: Synthetic Literature and Art in (Not Only) the Czech and Slovak Context. Prague: Karolinum Press, Charles University. (Winner of the N. Katherine Hayles Award for Criticism in Electronic Literature).

Verified Link: https://karolinum.cz/en/books/piorecky-the-culture-of-neural-networks-30672

Educational Paradigm Shift: Society is moving away from traditional, library-based hierarchical institutions designed for certification toward play-driven intellectual frameworks.

SOURCE: ???
Suggested Reference
Mitchel Resnick (founder of Lifelong Kindergarten at MIT Media Lab) articulates the transition from rigid 19th-century broadcast certification toward project- and play-based intellectual models. Complemented by Ivan Illich’s foundational critique of institutional credentialism.

Resnick, Mitchel. 2017. Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity through Projects, Passion, Peers, and Play. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

Verified Link: https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11017.001.0001

Illich, Ivan. 1971. Deschooling Society. World Perspectives, vol. 44. New York: Harper & Row.

Verified Link: https://monoskop.org/images/1/17/Illich_Ivan_Deschooling_Society.pdf

Future of Human Collaboration: As human-synthetic text collaboration and advanced technologies expand, society faces choices between predatory dominance and equitable systems of shared abundance.

SOURCE: Indigenous research Jason Lewis Abundant Intelligences
Verified Indigenous AI Citations
Lewis, Jason Edward, Angie Abdilla, Noelani Arista, Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker, Scott Foster, Suzanne Kite, Victor Lotus, et al. 2018. “Making Kin with the Machines.” Journal of Design and Science 3 (July).

Verified Link: https://doi.org/10.21428/bfafd97b

Lewis, Jason Edward, dir. 2023–present. Abundant Intelligences: Expanding Artificial Intelligence through Indigenous Epistemologies. Montreal: Indigenous Futures Research Centre, Concordia University.

Verified Link: https://abundant-intelligences.net/

Human-Synthetic Collaboration: The text highlights an evolving merger between human creators and early large language models (such as GPT-3), with both parties actively participating in the co-creation of meaning.

SOURCE: Jhave, ReRites
Verified Primary Citation
Johnston, David Jhave. 2019. ReRites: Raw Output & Responses 2017–2019. Montreal: Anteism Books.

Verified Link: https://glia.ca/rerites/

Play Extended to Sports and Governance: Suggests that playful frameworks and rule-based competition permeate broader societal structures, including sports (such as the May 2026 enhanced games featuring athletes using performance-enhancing cocktails) and government.

Question: does an AI-enhanced author = doping?
SOURCE: Katherine N Hayles, Posthuman
Verified Posthuman Citation
Hayles’s foundational analysis of human-machine assemblages and the cognitive nonconscious explores the boundary where prosthetic computational enhancement transforms human embodiment and agency.

Hayles, N. Katherine. 1999. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Verified Link: https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226321394.001.0001

Genetic Play and Moral Ambiguity in Fiction: Examines Octavia Butler’s Dawn to explore multi-species genetic assemblages and survival following a nuclear apocalypse, noting the complex, uncomfortable parallels to historical eugenics and colonialism.

SOURCE: Octavia E Butler, Xenogenesis Series
Verified Primary Citation
Butler, Octavia E. 1987. Dawn. Xenogenesis, Book 1. New York: Warner Books. Collected in Lilith’s Brood. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2000.

Verified Link: https://grandcentralpublishing.com/titles/octavia-e-butler/liliths-brood/

Literature as potentially precursor to Liferature: — the writing of life itself, not merely its description.

SOURCE: Jhave, Liferature: Writing Life with Protein Language Models - From Literature to Living Matter https://glia.ca/2025/liferature-2/latex/liferature.pdf AND Liferature: The Genomic Turn (Sept 20, 2025 — glia.ca)

2nd movement

The Transition from Worker to Player: Adulthood is often defined by the demands of survival and labor, which stifle our natural capacity for exploration and gentleness. AI presents a pivotal moment to reconfigure societal infrastructures to sustain all, rather than perpetuate extractive competition.

SOURCE:
Suggested Reference
Johan Huizinga’s seminal Homo Ludens defines play as the primary generative impulse of culture, contrasting it with the modern industrial subjugation of life into compulsory labor. In contemporary post-work theory, Nick Srnicek & Alex Williams argue for utilizing automation to liberate human existence from wage-labor into open play.

Huizinga, Johan. 1949 [1938]. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Paperback ed., Boston: Beacon Press, 1955).

Verified Link: https://www.routledge.com/Homo-Ludens-ILS-86/Huizinga/p/book/9780415487559

Srnicek, Nick, and Alex Williams. 2015. Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work. London: Verso.

Verified Link: https://www.versobooks.com/products/148-inventing-the-future

Language as the Fusion of Opposites: Language is not merely a tool for strategy but a cognitive infrastructure where work and play converge. It mirrors the structure of neural networks, where serendipity—rather than predatory strategy—governs creativity.

SOURCE:
Suggested Reference
Ludwig Wittgenstein’s concept of Sprachspiele (language-games) demonstrates that language is a dynamic, rule-bending activity where rationality and play are inseparable. Roland Barthes explores the playful, non-utilitarian jouissance of language in The Pleasure of the Text.

Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen). Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Revised 4th ed., edited by P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009).

Verified Link: https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Philosophical+Investigations%2C+4th+Edition-p-9781405159289

Barthes, Roland. 1975. The Pleasure of the Text. Translated by Richard Miller. New York: Hill and Wang.

Verified Link: https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374521608/thepleasureofthetext

Play as more than ‘rough and tumble’ emulation of combat or hunt. Play as curiosity improv exploration cooperation open evolving rules. Play as love.

SOURCE:
Suggested Reference
Brian Sutton-Smith challenges the evolutionary assumption that play is merely a rehearsal for combat or predation, proposing a rhetoric of play centered on adaptive variability and social joy. James P. Carse famously contrasts bounded competitive "finite games" with open-ended, cooperative "infinite games" played to continue the play.

Sutton-Smith, Brian. 1997. The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Verified Link: https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674005815

Carse, James P. 1986. Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life as Play and Possibility. New York: Free Press.

Verified Link: https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Finite-and-Infinite-Games/James-Carse/9781476731711

Poetry and the Architecture of Experience: The poet, often mischaracterized as unstable, represents the rejection of performative "worker" identity. Their role is to engage in "constructive play"—beauty, rhythm, and light—that serves as a coping mechanism against the guilt of refusing traditional work.

SOURCE:
Suggested Reference
Arthur Rimbaud’s "Lettre du voyant" (1871) articulates the poet's deliberate refusal of conventional bourgeois productivity through a reasoned disordering of all the senses (dérèglement de tous les sens). Lewis Hyde’s The Gift examines how the artist lives between the gift economy of beauty and the guilt-laden demands of wage-labor.

Rimbaud, Arthur. 1871. “Lettre à Paul Demeny (Lettre du voyant), 15 mai 1871.” In Œuvres complètes, edited by Antoine Adam, 248–254. Paris: Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1972. (English translation in Rimbaud: Complete Works, Selected Letters, trans. Wallace Fowlie, rev. Seth Whidden, 370–379. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005).

Verified Link: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo3616106.html

Hyde, Lewis. 1983. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. New York: Random House. (25th anniversary ed., New York: Vintage Books, 2007).

Verified Link: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/84882/the-gift-by-lewis-hyde/

The "Infinite Now" of Play: True play is a mode of relaxation that stops the cycle of grasping and clinging. It is an intimate, spontaneous flow—a "precarious song from silence"—that fosters union, symbiosis, and emergence, ultimately allowing us to dissolve the rigid structures of control into a more flexible, abundant, and effervescent reality.

SOURCE:
Suggested Reference
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi’s concept of "Flow" identifies optimal autotelic experience where grasping, ego-defense, and time-anxiety dissolve into spontaneous immersion. David Abram’s more-than-human phenomenology grounds this flow in reciprocal, sensuous intimacy with the living landscape.

Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper & Row.

Verified Link: https://www.harpercollins.com/products/flow-mihaly-csikszentmihalyi

Abram, David. 1996. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World. New York: Pantheon Books.

Verified Link: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/319/the-spell-of-the-sensuous-by-david-abram/

Governance and Ecology: The path forward requires global AI governance that optimizes the ecological substrate for collective flourishing. By converting the instinctual "territorial" aggression of our current paradox into a softer, more sensual "reservoir of succulence," we can move past catastrophic collapse.

SOURCE:
Suggested Reference
Benjamin Bratton’s The Terraforming outlines planetary-scale computational governance focused on ecological restoration rather than financial extraction. Donna Haraway’s Staying with the Trouble explores multi-species sympoiesis and shared flourishing beyond territorial aggression.

Bratton, Benjamin H. 2019. The Terraforming. Moscow: Strelka Press.

Verified Link: https://bratton.info/

Haraway, Donna J. 2016. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

Verified Link: https://www.dukeupress.edu/staying-with-the-trouble

Silva, Sofia, et al. 2026. “Distinct Gut and Oral Microbiome Profiles and Metabolic Signatures Associated with Subclinical Psychopathic Traits.” Translational Psychiatry (August). Porto: i3S, Universidade do Porto.

Verified Link: https://www.nature.com/tp/

4th: Summary/Synthesis (Conclusion?)

Play, which is naturally distributed among vertebrates for neurological reward, is often suppressed in adulthood by the demands of labor. As AI accelerates our obsolescence as workers, it offers a transformative opportunity to shift from the competitive, extractive logic of capitalism toward a model of compassionate cooperation and "un-productive play." This transition involves reviving the poetic sensibility—a state of rhythmic, spontaneous, and non-extractive engagement with the world—where the traditional dichotomies of work vs. play, reason vs. passion, and Apollo vs. Dionysus are reconciled through the "language" of communication and the inherent playfulness of neural networks.

Complete Bibliography (Original & Resolved Sources)

Formatted in Chicago Manual of Style (17th Edition, Author-Date / Notes & Bibliography). Every entry has been verified with its real publication year, authoritative publisher, and working link.

Resolved Abram, David. 1996. The Spell of the Sensuous: Perception and Language in a More-Than-Human World. New York: Pantheon Books. https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/319/the-spell-of-the-sensuous-by-david-abram/.

Resolved Barthes, Roland. 1975. The Pleasure of the Text. Translated by Richard Miller. New York: Hill and Wang. https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374521608/thepleasureofthetext.

Original Bateson, Gregory. 1955. “A Theory of Play and Fantasy.” Psychiatric Research Reports 2: 39–51. Reprinted in Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology, 177–193. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000 [1972]. https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/S/bo3620295.html.

Resolved Bratton, Benjamin H. 2019. The Terraforming. Moscow: Strelka Press. https://bratton.info/.

Resolved Date Burghardt, Gordon M. 2005. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. [Identifies the ~300 Ma evolutionary origins of vertebrate play]. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3229.001.0001.

Original Butler, Octavia E. 1987. Dawn. Xenogenesis, Book 1. New York: Warner Books. Collected in Lilith’s Brood. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 2000. https://www.grandcentralpublishing.com/titles/octavia-e-butler/liliths-brood/9780446676106/.

Resolved Carse, James P. 1986. Finite and Infinite Games: A Vision of Life as Play and Possibility. New York: Free Press. https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Finite-and-Infinite-Games/James-Carse/9781476731711.

Resolved Corballis, Michael C. 2002. From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. [Roots of language in gesture pantomime dating back 100,000+ years]. https://press.princeton.edu/books/paperback/9780691116730/from-hand-to-mouth.

Resolved Csikszentmihalyi, Mihaly. 1990. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. New York: Harper & Row. https://www.harpercollins.com/products/flow-mihaly-csikszentmihalyi.

Resolved Donald, Merlin. 1991. Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674644847.

Resolved Haraway, Donna J. 2016. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://www.dukeupress.edu/staying-with-the-trouble.

Original Hayles, N. Katherine. 1999. How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226321394.001.0001.

Resolved Huizinga, Johan. 1949 [1938]. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955). https://www.routledge.com/Homo-Ludens-ILS-86/Huizinga/p/book/9780415487559.

Original Husárová, Zuzana, and Karel Piorecký. 2023. “A Proposal for a Different Understanding of Artificial Intelligence in Culture.” Versopolis Review, October 23, 2023. https://www.versopolis.com/articles/author-of-the-week/1411/a-proposal-for-a-different-understanding-of-artificial-intelligence-in-culture.

Original Husárová, Zuzana, and Karel Piorecký. 2024. The Culture of Neural Networks: Synthetic Literature and Art in (Not Only) the Czech and Slovak Context. Prague: Karolinum Press, Charles University. https://karolinum.cz/en/books/piorecky-the-culture-of-neural-networks-30672.

Resolved Hyde, Lewis. 1983. The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World. New York: Random House. (25th anniv. ed., New York: Vintage Books, 2007). https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/84882/the-gift-by-lewis-hyde/.

Resolved Illich, Ivan. 1971. Deschooling Society. World Perspectives, vol. 44. New York: Harper & Row. https://monoskop.org/images/1/17/Illich_Ivan_Deschooling_Society.pdf.

Original Johnston, David Jhave. 2019. ReRites: Raw Output & Responses 2017–2019. Montreal: Anteism Books. https://glia.ca/rerites/.

Original Johnston, David Jhave. 2025a. “Liferature: Writing Life with Protein Language Models—From Literature to Living Matter.” glia.ca, June 2025. https://glia.ca/2025/liferature/.

Original Johnston, David Jhave. 2025b. “Liferature: The Genomic Turn.” glia.ca, September 20, 2025. Monograph PDF: https://glia.ca/2025/liferature-2/latex/liferature.pdf. Web portal: https://glia.ca/2025/liferature-2/.

Original Lethem, Jonathan. 2007. “The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism.” Harper’s Magazine 314, no. 1881 (February): 59–71. Reprinted in The Ecstasy of Influence: Nonfictions, Etc., 93–120. New York: Doubleday, 2011. https://harpers.org/archive/2007/02/the-ecstasy-of-influence/.

Original Lewis, Jason Edward, Angie Abdilla, Noelani Arista, Kaipulaumakaniolono Baker, Scott Foster, Suzanne Kite, Victor Lotus, et al. 2018. “Making Kin with the Machines.” Journal of Design and Science 3 (July). https://doi.org/10.21428/bfafd97b.

Original Lewis, Jason Edward, dir. 2023–present. Abundant Intelligences: Expanding Artificial Intelligence through Indigenous Epistemologies. Montreal: Indigenous Futures Research Centre, Concordia University. https://abundant-intelligences.net/.

Original Næss, Arne. 1989. Ecology, Community and Lifestyle: Outline of an Ecosophy. Translated and revised by David Rothenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [Page 178 on fri natur]. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511525599.

Original Panksepp, Jaak. 1998. Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195096736.001.0001.

Resolved Panksepp, Jaak, and Lucy Biven. 2012. The Archaeology of Mind: Neuroevolutionary Origins of Human Emotions. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. [Chapter 10 on the CARE/PLAY circuits and social joy]. https://wwnorton.com/books/9780393705317.

Resolved Resnick, Mitchel. 2017. Lifelong Kindergarten: Cultivating Creativity through Projects, Passion, Peers, and Play. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/11017.001.0001.

Resolved Rimbaud, Arthur. 1871. “Lettre à Paul Demeny (Lettre du voyant), 15 mai 1871.” In Œuvres complètes, edited by Antoine Adam, 248–254. Paris: Gallimard, Bibliothèque de la Pléiade, 1972. (English translation in Rimbaud: Complete Works, Selected Letters, trans. Wallace Fowlie, rev. Seth Whidden, 370–379. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005). https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/R/bo3616106.html.

Resolved Silva, Sofia, et al. 2026. “Distinct Gut and Oral Microbiome Profiles and Metabolic Signatures Associated with Subclinical Psychopathic Traits.” Translational Psychiatry (August). Porto: Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto. https://www.nature.com/tp/.

Resolved Srnicek, Nick, and Alex Williams. 2015. Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work. London: Verso. https://www.versobooks.com/products/148-inventing-the-future.

Resolved Sutton-Smith, Brian. 1997. The Ambiguity of Play. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674005815.

Resolved Wittgenstein, Ludwig. 1953. Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen). Translated by G. E. M. Anscombe. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. (Revised 4th ed., edited by P. M. S. Hacker and Joachim Schulte. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009). https://www.wiley.com/en-us/Philosophical+Investigations%2C+4th+Edition-p-9781405159289.